Four PillarsFour PillarsAsia Digital Asset Policy Center

Topics · Safeguards

Integrity and protection.

These rules protect users and the wider financial system from crypto's misuse: money laundering, mis-selling, manipulation and tax evasion.

They are also where Asian rules converge fastest, because most of them implement global standards such as FATF's travel rule and the OECD's crypto reporting framework.

Which markets in Asia have retail crypto access?

Across the 31 markets Four Pillars tracks in full, as of 15 Oct 2026: Comprehensive (16): Australia, Bahrain, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand and UAE. Partial (7): British Virgin Islands, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. Developing (2): Jordan and Turkmenistan. Restricted (5): Bhutan, Cambodia, Oman, Qatar and Vietnam. Prohibited (1): China.

Which markets in Asia have crypto tax clarity?

Across the 31 markets Four Pillars tracks in full, as of 15 Oct 2026: Comprehensive (10): Australia, Cayman Islands, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, UAE and Uzbekistan. Partial (10): Bahrain, Bermuda, Bhutan, British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Taiwan and Vietnam. Developing (9): Cambodia, Jordan, Mongolia, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Turkey and Turkmenistan. Restricted (2): China and Qatar.

AML, sanctions and travel ruleAnti-money-laundering, sanctions screening and the travel rule.29 of 31 markets · 103 sourcesInvestor and consumer protectionRetail access, suitability, disclosure and advertising.29 of 31 markets · 102 sourcesMarket abuse and surveillanceManipulation, insider dealing and exchange surveillance.7 of 31 markets · 15 sourcesTax and information reportingHow crypto gains are taxed and what platforms must report.24 of 31 markets · 61 sourcesData privacy and digital identityPersonal data, eKYC and digital identity rules.5 of 31 markets · 6 sourcesSustainability and energy disclosureMining, energy use and climate disclosure.11 of 31 markets · 29 sources

Primary sources per market and subtopic

AMLInvestorMarket abuseTaxData privacySustainability