Sustainability and energy disclosure.

Bans new mining projects and orders existing ones phased out; Notice No. 42 reaffirms it and bars sales of mining machines onshore.

The top-level political signal to crack down on Bitcoin mining and trading, which set off the 2021 exodus of miners and exchanges.

Explains when NFTs issued in large series or used as payment fall under the User Protection Act as virtual assets.

Explains that gains are taxable only if revenue in nature, judged by the badges of trade, and that digital currency disposals fall outside capital gains tax. It also covers mining, payments received in crypto and airdrops.

Allows crypto mining and exchanges only for GMC-registered entities under GMC's regulatory framework, and keeps crypto on-ramping through RMA-regulated domestic banks restricted.

Creates strategic digital miner status: approved miners get 10-year power contracts and contribute 10% of mined digital assets, net of the cost of electricity and its delivery, to the National Strategic Cryptoreserve.

The NBK's hub for the onshore regime: the legal basis, the three categories of service providers, mining licensing by the ministry, the sandbox and the crypto cards project.

The new Tax Code in force from 1 January 2026, which governs income tax on digital asset gains and the digital mining fee charged on electricity consumed.

Ended the AIFC's exclusive hold on mining and crypto circulation, allowing licensed companies and individual entrepreneurs across Kazakhstan to mine.

Implementing rules under the Digital Assets Law on how licensed miners connect to the grid and buy power, the main lever the state uses over mining. Last amended in April 2026.

The core statute: classifies digital assets, licenses digital mining and sets rules for their circulation. Signed 6 February 2023, effective 1 April 2023, and heavily amended in 2025 and 2026.

A draft presidential decree with seven annexed rules implementing the January 2026 amendments, covering licensing of exchanges and exchange offices, stablecoin and RWA token issuance, enforcement measures, a regulatory sandbox and mining certificates. Still listed as drafts on NAVA's site in October 2026.

Redefines stablecoins and adds RWA tokens, state cryptocurrency mining, a state cryptocurrency reserve and presidential power to set pilot regimes. It splits the authorities into a policy, regulation and licensing body named by the President and a supervision body named by the Cabinet. In force ten days after publication on 23 January 2026.

Records registration of the gold-backed USDKG issue on 31 October 2025, 185 exchange office licences, 13 exchange licences, 10 mining certificates and KGS 2.04 billion of taxes paid.

How miners register and obtain a mining certificate, as amended in 2025; issued by the FSA until 2026 and now by NAVA, which has published a draft replacement.

The core statute defining virtual assets, service providers, issuance and mining, with licensing by the authorised body. Signed 21 January 2022, in force from July 2022; the link is the current edition as amended on 19 January 2026.

Sets the mining tax at 10% of electricity charges, in place of profit tax, VAT and sales tax, and covers the taxation of virtual asset sales and service providers. Current edition of 6 August 2026.

The full statute in Turkmen: defines virtual assets, mining and service providers, names the central bank as the authorised body and takes effect on 1 January 2026.

Reports the 21 November 2025 government meeting at which the President approved the draft Roadmap for regulating virtual assets and introducing mining technologies in 2026 to 2030, covering legislation, energy and communications infrastructure, investment and pilot projects, and a proposal for a special State Commission.

Adopted at the 38th EAG Plenary: found no registered VASPs, no VASP AML obligations and no legal basis for mining, and rated Recommendation 15 on new technologies partially compliant.

Mining is for legal entities using solar power; grid power is billed at double the tariff and miners must register with NAPP. Mining is registered, not licensed.

In force from 20 April 2026: makes Karakalpakstan the Besqala Mining Valley, exempts residents' mining income from taxes and fees until 1 January 2035 for a 1% monthly payment, and lets them sell mined crypto abroad with proceeds credited to Uzbek banks.

Lists the only mining permit, M 001, issued to Nexagrid on 19 January 2026 (checked 5 October 2026).

In force from 3 October 2023: sets how legal entities apply online for a NAPP mining permit and the grounds for suspending or cancelling it.

Sets the monthly fees miners and providers pay in place of tax; amended in July 2026 to exempt Besqala Mining Valley residents until 2035.

The founding act, as amended to April 2026: defines crypto-assets, service providers and mining, exempts crypto transactions from tax, and requires residents to deal only through national providers.

Treats virtual currency as an asset, not a currency, so gains are capital gains (25% base rate for individuals) unless the activity is a business; miners and traders may owe VAT (gov.il blocks automated checks; URL confirmed via search).

Mining crypto for one's own account is outside the scope of VAT and its input tax is not recoverable, while mining for someone else is a taxable supply of services.

Selects 24 tokenised asset use cases (19 live pilots) across bonds, private markets and carbon credits, with ASIC relief so participants could trade real assets.